![]() ![]() The annual average net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and total carbon assimilation per unit leaf area (Atotal) of the two alien Sonneratia species were significantly higher than the values of the native mangroves. The aim of the study was to evaluate the invasive potential of Sonneratia based on these physiological responses. caseolaris) and four native mangrove species over four seasons in a subtropical mangrove nature reserve in Shenzhen, South China. A microcosm study was conducted to compare the photosynthetic characteristics, energetic cost indices and other growth traits between two alien species ( Sonneratia apetala and S. Cheung, Siu-Gin Wong, Yuk-Shan Tam, Nora Fung-Yee Lei, An-PingĪ higher photosynthesis and lower energetic cost are recognized as important characteristics for invasive species, but whether these traits are also important for the ability of alien mangrove species to become invasive has seldom been reported. Li, Feng-Lan Zan, Qi-Jie Hu, Zheng-Yu Shin, Paul-K. caseolaris reveal that the former species is more invasive than the latter one, thus requiring more attention in future. The comparison of these physiological responses between S. The present findings reveal that alien Sonneratia species may adapt well and become invasive in subtropical mangrove wetlands in Shenzhen due to their higher photosynthetic characteristics coupled with lower costs in energy use, leading to a higher PEUE. ![]() Higher photosynthetic indices for Sonneratia compared to native species were found in all seasons except winter, whereas lower CC values were found in all four seasons. The higher Atotal and lower CC values resulted in a 72% higher photosynthetic energy-use efficiency (PEUE) for Sonneratia compared to native mangroves, leading to a higher relative growth rate (RGR) of the biomass and height of Sonneratia with the respective values being 51% and 119% higher than those of the native species. In contrast, the opposite results were obtained for the leaf construction cost (CC) per unit dry mass (CCM) and CC per unit area (CCA) values. Li, Feng-Lan Zan, Qi-Jie Hu, Zheng-Yu Shin, Paul-K S Cheung, Siu-Gin Wong, Yuk-Shan Tam, Nora Fung-Yee Lei, An-PingĪ higher photosynthesis and lower energetic cost are recognized as important characteristics for invasive species, but whether these traits are also important for the ability of alien mangrove species to become invasive has seldom been reported. The best treatment was 20% of pedada flour with 80% of taro starch which produced biscuit with 76.24% of yield, 2.58% of protein, 15.55% of fat, 2.72% of crude fiber, 48.83 of glycemic index and 7.39 of glycemic load.Īre Photosynthetic Characteristics and Energetic Cost Important Invasive Traits for Alien Sonneratia Species in South China? The biscuits product were measured of the proximate, crude fiber, glycemic index and glycemic load on wistar rats. This research used completely randomized design in factorial patern with one factor and five levels on formulation biscuit of pedada flour with tubers starch (20% : 80%). The aim of this research to evaluate the glycemic index on the formula biscuit from the pedada flour and starch from white sweet potato, arrowroot, taro, potato and cassava mixed. Pedada Fruits ( Sonneratia caseolaris) is the one of mangrove fruits has a high fiber content, so it can be used as a raw material in biscuits production. Foods with low glycemic index have been shown to improve glucose and fat levels in people with diabetes mellitus and improve insulin resistance. The glycemic index of food is the level of food according to its effect on blood glucose levels. Glycemic Index Biscuits Formulation of Pedada Flour ( Sonneratia caseolaris) with Tubers Starch ![]()
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